How do diamonds reach the Earth’s surface?

Researchers from the University of Oslo and Southampton have revealed that ultra-fast, gas-driven volcanic eruptions transport diamonds from the Earth’s mantle to the surface at 130km/h, preventing the stones from turning into graphite during the 150km journey.

Where are diamonds formed and why are they found on the surface?

Diamonds are born in the Earth’s mantle, a layer deep below the crust, under extreme pressure and heat. They reach us through natural ‘elevators’ called kimberlites. These rare volcanic structures capture rocks and quickly transport them upward. If this rise was slow, the heat would transform the diamond into graphite, the same material used in pencils.

What is the speed of this transport and what guarantees such strength?

The magma that carries the gemstones can travel at an impressive 130 km/h. Recent studies show that this force comes from a specific chemical mixture: magma needs to be less dense than the surrounding rocks to float and rise. Additionally, elements such as water and carbon dioxide act as fuels, ensuring that the material slides through rock crevices with ease.

What is the role of carbon dioxide in this explosive process?

Carbon dioxide (CO2) acts as the engine of the explosion. As the magma approaches the surface, the pressure decreases and the gas separates from the liquid, creating enormous pressure. This phenomenon, called outgassing, pushes magma out of the earth with full force. Without a minimum amount of carbon, magma would be trapped deep below and would never erupt.

Why are these diamond volcanic eruptions considered rare?

These eruptions do not occur just anywhere; they depend on perfect chemical conditions and the movement of landmasses. Scientists have discovered that the phenomenon usually happens millions of years after supercontinents break up. Furthermore, the ‘chimneys’ through which magma rises are only found in very old and stable parts of the continents.

How does this scientific discovery help in the search for new stones?

Understanding the chemical and geological mechanism allows miners to know exactly where to look. By mapping areas of ancient continents that underwent land mass separation processes in the past, exploration becomes much more precise. In addition to the commercial value, the study of rock fragments brought by magma helps scientists understand how the interior of our planet works.

Content produced based on information gathered by the Gazeta do Povo team of reporters. To access the full information and delve deeper into the topic, read the report below.